Marcovaldo - Wikipedia Italo Calvino's Marcovaldo is a collectionItalo Calvino was born in Santiago de las Vegas, a suburb of Havana, Cuba, in 1923. The first stories were written in the early 1950s. It was initially published, in 1963, as Marcovaldo ovvero Le stagioni in citt (Marcovaldo, or The Seasons in the City). Marcovaldo Italo Calvino Marcovaldo is a collection of 20 short stories written by Italo Calvino.

In 1917, Mario left for Cuba to conduct scientific experiments, after living through the Mexican Revolution. In an autobiographical essay, Italo Calvino explained that his father 'had been in his youth an anarchist, a follower of Kropotkin and then a Socialist Reformist'. Born 47 years earlier in Sanremo, Italy, Mario Calvino had emigrated to Mexico in 1909 where he took up an important position with the Ministry of Agriculture.

A native of Sassari in Sardinia and 11 years younger than her husband, she married while still a junior lecturer at Pavia University. &201 tr&225 gico, c&243 mico e ferozmente inteligente em partes iguais.Calvino's mother, Giuliana Luigia Evelina 'Eva' Mameli, was a botanist and university professor. Este livro, em particular, descreve as aventuras de Marcovaldo, um homem &224 procura desesperadamente do que &233 natural num mundo hostil da cidade e da sociedade de consumo.

In his mature years, Calvino described the experience as having made him 'tolerant of others' opinions, particularly in the field of religion, remembering how irksome it was to hear myself mocked because I did not follow the majority's beliefs'. His secondary schooling, with a classical lyceum curriculum, was completed at the state-run Liceo Gian Domenico Cassini where, at his parents' request, he was exempted from religion classes but frequently asked to justify his anti-conformism to teachers, janitors, and fellow pupils. Italo attended the English nursery school St George's College, followed by a Protestant elementary private school run by Waldensians. Austere freethinkers with an intense hatred of the ruling National Fascist Party, Eva and Mario also refused to give their sons any education in the Catholic Faith or any other religion. On a darker note, Calvino recalled that his earliest memory was of a Marxist professor who had been brutally assaulted by Benito Mussolini's Blackshirts: 'I remember clearly that we were at dinner when the old professor came in with his face beaten up and bleeding, his bowtie all torn up over it, asking for help.' Other legacies include the parents' beliefs in Freemasonry, Republicanism with elements of Anarchism and Marxism.

Concealing his literary ambitions to please his family, he passed four exams in his first year while reading anti-Fascist works by Elio Vittorini, Eugenio Montale, Cesare Pavese, Johan Huizinga, and Pisacane, and works by Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg, and Albert Einstein on physics. World War II In 1941, Calvino enrolled at the University of Turin, choosing the Agriculture Faculty where his father had previously taught courses in agronomy. But later on, as a compulsory member, he could not avoid the assemblies and parades of the Avanguardisti, and was forced to participate in the Italian invasion of the French Riviera in June 1940. Seated together 'on a huge flat stone in the middle of a stream near our land', he and Scalfari founded the MUL (University Liberal Movement).Eva managed to delay her son's enrolment in the Party's armed scouts, the Balilla Moschettieri, and then arranged that he be excused, as a non-Catholic, from performing devotional acts in Church. The two teenagers formed a lasting friendship, Calvino attributing his political awakening to their university discussions.

By the end of the year, the Germans had succeeded in occupying Liguria and setting up Benito Mussolini's puppet Republic of Salò in northern Italy. Disdainful of Turin students, Calvino saw himself as enclosed in a 'provincial shell' that offered the illusion of immunity from the Fascist nightmare: 'We were ‘hard guys’ from the provinces, hunters, snooker-players, show-offs, proud of our lack of intellectual sophistication, contemptuous of any patriotic or military rhetoric, coarse in our speech, regulars in the brothels, dismissive of any romantic sentiment and desperately devoid of women.' Calvino transferred to the University of Florence in 1943 and reluctantly passed three more exams in agriculture. Luigi Pirandello and Gabriele D'Annunzio, Cesare Vico Lodovici and Ugo Betti, Eugene O'Neill and Thornton Wilder are among the main authors Calvino cites as his sources of inspiration. His letters to Eugenio Scalfari overflow with references to Italian and foreign plays, and with plots and characters of future theatrical projects.

The historical events which mothers take part in acquire the greatness and invincibility of natural phenomena'. Calvino wrote of his mother's ordeal that 'she was an example of tenacity and courage… behaving with dignity and firmness before the SS and the Fascist militia, and in her long detention as a hostage, not least when the blackshirts three times pretended to shoot my father in front of her eyes. As a result of his refusal to be a conscript, his parents were held hostage by the Nazis for an extended period at the Villa Meridiana. Using the battlename of 'Santiago', Calvino joined the Garibaldi Brigades, a clandestine Communist group and, for twenty months, endured the fighting in the Maritime Alps until 1945 and the Liberation. In spring 1944, Eva encouraged her sons to enter the Italian Resistance in the name of 'natural justice and family virtues'. Reading intensely in a wide array of subjects, he also reasoned politically that, of all the partisan groupings, the communists were the best organized with 'the most convincing political line'.

A year later, he was initiated into the literary world by Elio Vittorini, who published his short story 'Andato al comando' (1945 'Gone to Headquarters') in Il Politecnico, a Turin-based weekly magazine associated with the university. Returning to university, he abandoned Agriculture for the Arts Faculty. He often humorously belittled this choice, describing Turin as a 'city that is serious but sad'.